Molecular Epidemiology of TGF‐β1 Gene Variants and Their Relationship With Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Visiting Injibara Comprehensive Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia: A Case‐Control Study

ABSTRACT Background and Aim Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The TGF‐β1 codon 10 T > C polymorphism has been investigated as a potential genetic factor for T2DM, but evidence from African populations, particularly Ethiopia, remains limited. This study aimed to assess the association between TGF‐β1 codon 10 T > C polymorphism and T2DM among patients attending Injibara Comprehensive Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A case‐control study was conducted among 230 participants (115 T2DM cases and 115 controls). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and TGF‐β1 codon 10 T > C polymorphism was genotyped using ARMS‐PCR. Associations were assessed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results The TC genotype was significantly associated with higher odds of T2DM compared with the TT genotype (AOR = 3.326, 95% CI: 1.009–10.969, p = 0.048). The C allele was also associated with higher odds of T2DM (AOR = 2.361, 95% CI: 1.231–4.528, p = 0.010). However, the CC genotype was not significantly associated with T2DM ( p = 0.739). Overweight BMI, elevated blood pressure, and alcohol consumption were also significantly associated with T2DM. Conclusion The TGF‐β1 codon 10 TC genotype and C allele were associated with T2DM in this study, whereas the CC genotype was not significantly associated. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and require confirmation in larger studies.