Radiocarbon dating and strontium isotope analyses of cremated bones from the Ishibotoke-dani archaeological site of Binman-ji Temple in Taga, Shiga Prefecture, Japan

Abstract Radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating and dietary reconstruction of 28 cremated individuals excavated from the Ishibotoke-dani site in Taga Town, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, was performed to investigate the lifeways of a medieval Buddhist community. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the burial ground was actively used between the 12th and 14th centuries. Spatial and chronological differences are observed among burial areas: Area A dates from the late 12th to 14th centuries, Area F from the late 12th to 13th centuries, Area D to the late 13th century, and Area G primarily to the 14th century. Area A, distinguished by burial types not in the other areas, yields the wider range of 14 C dates, indicating prolonged and possibly preferential use. This suggests that the area may have been reserved for senior monks or other high-status individuals. The spatial and temporal variations likely reflect multiple burial groups and successive generations associated with different phases of temple activity. Dietary proxies further illuminate the social and economic context of the community. The Sr/Ca values of the cremated bones are comparable to those of modern animal bones, indicating a modest degree of meat consumption. The δ 88 Sr values fall within the omnivores range, collectively suggesting mixed diets that included terrestrial meat rather than strict vegetarianism. The combined chronological and elemental/isotopic evidence indicates that Binman-ji Temple flourished particularly during the 13th century, a period during which its expansion likely drew individuals of diverse social ranks and dietary backgrounds into the temple community.