Comparing ‘degrowth’ with ‘green growth’ on the question of ecological sustainability: A way forward for ‘degrowth’

Debates on sustaining economic systems within ecological boundaries have intensified, with green growth and degrowth emerging as opposing theoretical standpoints. Green growth, the dominant policy approach, advocates technological innovation and policy intervention to align economic growth with environmental sustainability, yet often narrows its focus to climate change, overlooking other forms of ecological degradation. In contrast, degrowth critiques the growth imperative and proposes alternative pathways grounded in ecological limits and social equity. However, it remains largely theoretical and has yet to gain significant traction in policymaking. This review critically examines both approaches to assess their effectiveness in addressing the ecological crisis. Drawing on theoretical insights and empirical evidence, we argue that green growth fails to deliver on its sustainability promises, particularly in addressing resource depletion. While offering more comprehensive ecological solutions, degrowth faces challenges in implementation and global coordination. We identify three key areas where degrowth can pay attention to becoming a more robust framework: (a) fostering collective global efforts between developed and developing countries, with an emphasis on green technology and efficient resource use; (b) targeting dirty sectors while enhancing carbon sinks; and (c) addressing systemic inequality through reform of global financial and political structures. Given the urgency of the ecological crisis, we conclude by stating that it would be more effective to act promptly based on available opportunities under an ‘integrated approach’, rather than engaging in debates over competing approaches.