Variations in anatomy, skeletal anomalies, and other non-standard features in the skeletal system during forensic medical analysis of bone remains (cases studies)

This article showcases the use of Methodological Recommendations for Evaluating Non-Metric Skeletal Traits, developed by the Forensic Osteological Research Lab in the Forensic Identification Department of the Russian Center for Forensic Medical Expertise. These recommendations were created in 2022 and 2024. The 2022 edition focuses on anatomical variations and developmental anomalies of the postcranial skeleton, detected through visual examination and radiography. The 2024 version offers a detailed plan for assessing musculoskeletal features of long bones, accompanied by illustrative materials such as photos, drawings, and scales for evaluating relief features. Through two expert cases, the article demonstrates how these recommendations enable objective evaluation of an individual's functional characteristics.