Analytical solution for non-limiting active earth pressure of retaining walls with inclined backface and sloping backfill

This study investigates non-limit active earth pressure on rigid retaining walls with inclined wall backfaces and cohesive sloping backfill undergoing translational movement. A method is proposed for calculating interlayer shear-stress coefficients based on the mobilized stress state of cohesive soil. Analytical expressions are derived for pressure intensity, resultant force, overturning moment, and point of application, incorporating wall displacement, soil arching, and interlayer shear stress. Comparisons with two model-test datasets and existing solutions show that including interlayer shear stress improves agreement with measurements. For the examined cases, calculated shear redistribution is consistent with observed pressure trends, although transfer direction depends on the sign of the computed coefficient rather than a universal assumption. This approach provides an analytical tool for rigid retaining walls within the defined translational-movement problem for dry, homogeneous backfill.