Comprehensive review on applications of Garcinia mangostana

Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is widely recognized for its highly valued sweet and juicy fruit, extensive traditional medicinal uses, and rich phytochemical composition. In recent decades, growing attention has been directed toward the utilization of mangosteen pericarp, an abundant agricultural by-product, as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds for various applications beyond pharmacological uses. Despite the extensive pharmacological and nutraceutical interest in G. mangostana , there remains a lack of comprehensive reviews focusing on the novel and interdisciplinary applications of mangosteen-derived extracts and compounds. Therefore, this review highlights recent developments in cosmetic formulations, green corrosion inhibitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, carbon dots, nanomaterials for biomedical applications, the food industry, animal feed supplementation, and agricultural and environmental applications. Mangosteen-derived extracts and nanostructured materials have demonstrated remarkable biological activities, in addition to promising performance in the food and beverage industry, renewable energy systems, wastewater remediation, and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis. This review identifies current research gaps and future perspectives, demonstrating the enormous potential of G. mangostana as a multifunctional and sustainable resource for applications across healthcare, industrial, food, environmental, agricultural, and energy sectors.