Determinants influencing digital twin adoption decision in food supply chains

Digital Twins (DTs) are increasingly recognised as a promising solution for food supply chains (FSCs). However, existing DT research has focused mainly on conceptual development, technical applications, and pilot implementations, providing limited empirical evidence on the determinants influencing firms’ adoption decisions. Thus, this study examines the determinants of DT adoption decisions in FSCs. Drawing on Diffusion of Innovation theory and the technology–organisation–environment (TOE) framework, the study develops a research model explaining how TOE factors shape firms’ adoption decisions. Survey data from 260 respondents in food and technology-related firms across Western economies are analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Results show that compatibility, technology readiness, top management support, competitive pressure, and market uncertainty significantly influence the DT adoption decision, while complexity negatively affects adoption. Findings indicate that the DT adoption decision in FSCs is shaped not only by perceived technological characteristics but also by organisational support and external environmental pressures.