Endocrine Complications of COVID-19: Diabetes, Musculoskeletal, Thyroid, Pituitary, Adrenal, and Gonadal Disorders

Abstract COVID-19 is generally associated with both short- and long-term complications. It can affect multiple organ systems and lead to severe or prolonged organ dysfunction, including the endocrine system. It also places a significant burden on individuals and the healthcare system. Therefore, providing up-to-date information for healthcare providers is valuable. In this review, we aim to consolidate the current literature regarding the endocrine complications of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a particular focus on diabetes, calcium homeostasis, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal disorders. Although current therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 are mainly limited to antivirals, symptomatic therapies, and supportive care, advances in understanding the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses may support a more effective and personalized approach to clinical care.