Care arrangements and support systems for children living with incarcerated mothers

Children living with incarcerated mothers face unique challenges that may affect their care, support, and psychosocial development within the prison environment. The objective of this study was to explore the care arrangements and support systems for children living with incarcerated mothers in two correctional centers in the Amhara Region, northern Ethiopia. A qualitative descriptive design was applied, and data were collected from 18 incarcerated mother–child dyads and 2 mothers with two children ( n = 20), and prison managers ( n = 2) and a counselor ( n = 1). In-depth interview, key informant interview and nonparticipant observation were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and the following themes emerged from data analysis: (1) Nutritional inadequacy, (2) absence of educational and developmental services (3) absence of specialized institutional care, and (4) hostile physical environment and risks of emotional development. Overall, the prison institutions were characterized by unsupportive care and support systems, a hostile physical and social environment that undermines Children’s physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development. The researchers recommended that children living in prison should be recognized as rights-holders with access to dignity, healthcare and education. Basic need such as nutrition, safe living condition and daycare service must be ensured. Trained childcare, education and psychosocial support staff should be employed. Prison officers need training in child development and trauma-informed care. The discipline system should protect children from violence and punishment. Alternative sentencing should be prioritized to reduce children exposure to prison environment.