Design of a Fully Autonomous Seed to Harvest Hydroponic Management System Using Arduino Mega

Abstract Rapid urbanization, climate change, and freshwater scarcity necessitate the transition toward controlled environment agriculture Hydroponic crop production provides a sustainable, soilless alternative; however, conventional setups require continuous, labour intensive monitoring and manual chemical tuning to prevent crop loss [2]. This study presents a fully autonomous, seed to harvest hydroponic management system driven by Arduino Mega 2560 [3]. The system automates the plant lifecycle across germination, vegetative, and harvest stages [2]. Leveraging the Arduino Mega 2560 high I/O density the framework integrates an multiple sensors measuring electrical conductivity, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water level to continuously assess the parameters [3][4]. Using a closed-loop control system, Arduino Mega 2560 evaluates real time sensor feedback to trigger a relay [3]. This drives peristaltic dosing pumps for pH and nutrient adjustments inline water pumps for Nutrient inlet to the Hydroponic System also equipped with solenoid valves [1][4]. Telemetry data is transmitted via an SIM800L GSM module to connect with your phone or any device for remote tracking [2][3]. Experimental evaluation with Mosquito Fern also called as Azolla demonstrated precise parameter stability, reducing manual labour by 92% and improving water use efficiency as compared to manual systems