Green synthesis, characterization, determination of antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of silver nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum essential oil

Essential oils have been utilized as natural medicine, but their administration to target receptors has challenges due to their low aqueous solubility and high volatility. Therefore, there is a pressing need to formulate essential oils to improve their bioavailability. The essential oil of S. aromaticum was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the characterization of the AgNPs from the essential oil of S. aromaticum was done using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties were determined. The result indicated that the AgNPs UV-Visible had the maximum absorption at 421 nm, indicating the reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 . The FTIR result showed prominent peaks at 3433 and 1639 cm⁻¹, which are assigned to OH stretching and C = C (alkenyl) stretching groups, respectively. The XRD revealed that the AgNPs from the essential oil of S. aromaticum are crystalline, with the average crystallite size calculated as 30.58 nm. The result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the AgNPs showed the crystalline structure and unique diffraction peaks detected at 2θ values of 38.67°, 44.55°and 64.74°. The SEM and TEM results indicated that the average particle size of the AgNPs was 6.0 nm and 6.63 nm, and they were spherical. The AgNPs synthesized from the essential oil of S. aromaticum had a higher inhibition of antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities compared to the standard. This study suggested that AgNPs have been shown to have medicinal properties, which could serve as potential candidates for therapeutic application.