Textile- and carbon-reinforced concrete in digital fabrication

Abstract Digital fabrication with concrete (DFC) provides several ways to generate structural geometry, but these routes do not provide equivalent conditions for textile- and carbon-reinforced concrete (TRC/CRC). This review retains a coupled two-axis framework: concrete-shaping mechanism is the primary organising axis and reinforcement implementation is the secondary structural axis, while folding, joining and hybrid assembly are treated as supporting transformation strategies. The review compares extrusion, non-planar deposition, robotic spraying, digital casting, removable and stay-in-place digital formwork, flexible formwork, particle-bed processes and injection printing. Reinforcement architecture is treated as a cross-cutting variable distinguishing flexible textiles, stabilized grids, mineral-impregnated rovings and spatial preforms. Two synthesis tables connect the axes and compare matrix penetration, bond, cover and position, accessibility, inspectability, automation, structural evidence, durability, process-chain complexity and environmental performance. The review presents an evidence shows that process-parallel integration can improve strength and deformation while simultaneously creating voids, reduced interlayer contact or difficult internal verification. Near-term structural applications are therefore most credible where shaping, reinforcement placement and consolidation can be inspected separately, whereas fully integrated processes require stronger in-line quality assurance and route-specific structural validation.