The MOND interpolation function and flat rotation curves are mutually exclusive for minimally coupled k-essence

Relativistic formulations of MOND, from RAQUAL to TeVeS, couple the scalar field to matter through a conformal or disformal relation. This choice is standard but has not, to our knowledge, been justified from first principles in the literature. We show that, for a single k-essence scalar, it cannot be dropped. For a k-essence scalar with kinetic function F(X) and minimally coupled matter, so that the scalar acts on test particles only through the back-reaction of its stress-energy tensor on the metric, the circular velocity in the static spherical exterior obeys v^2 ∝ r^(-2/(2n-1)) for F = A X^n. Flat curves are attained only in the limit n → ∞, where the effective profile is ρ ∝ r^-2, an isothermal dark-matter halo. The deep-MOND interpolation μ(x) → x requires n = 3/2, for which v^2 ∝ ln r / r. The two limits are mutually exclusive, and the exclusion extends to any F whose infrared branch is X^(3/2). We further show that demanding exact flatness for arbitrary F fixes F(X) = A(√X − λ)^2 uniquely, which carries a ghost for X < λ^2 and whose μ = F' diverges rather than vanishing as x → 0. The result is not obvious: Armendariz-Picon and Lim obtained asymptotically flat curves from minimally coupled k-essence. We show that none of their configurations reaches the deep-MOND regime, and that their polytropic family reproduces our scaling law exactly, with the MOND value n = 3/2 sitting at the boundary where their curves cease to flatten. Our statement extends to non-canonical kinetic terms a no-go established by Fabri for the minimal canonical scalar, recovering that case as n = 1. A self-contained symbolic verification script (31 checks) and the script generating the figures are included in this record.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-25
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22953268
Primary Topic
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Type
preprint
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preprint

The MOND interpolation function and flat rotation curves are mutually exclusive for minimally coupled k-essence

Juan Pablo Figueroa Torres
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
preprint

The MOND interpolation function and flat rotation curves are mutually exclusive for minimally coupled k-essence

Juan Pablo Figueroa Torres
preprint en

Abstract

Relativistic formulations of MOND, from RAQUAL to TeVeS, couple the scalar field to matter through a conformal or disformal relation. This choice is standard but has not, to our knowledge, been justified from first principles in the literature. We show that, for a single k-essence scalar, it cannot be dropped. For a k-essence scalar with kinetic function F(X) and minimally coupled matter, so that the scalar acts on test particles only through the back-reaction of its stress-energy tensor on the metric, the circular velocity in the static spherical exterior obeys v^2 ∝ r^(-2/(2n-1)) for F = A X^n. Flat curves are attained only in the limit n → ∞, where the effective profile is ρ ∝ r^-2, an isothermal dark-matter halo. The deep-MOND interpolation μ(x) → x requires n = 3/2, for which v^2 ∝ ln r / r. The two limits are mutually exclusive, and the exclusion extends to any F whose infrared branch is X^(3/2). We further show that demanding exact flatness for arbitrary F fixes F(X) = A(√X − λ)^2 uniquely, which carries a ghost for X < λ^2 and whose μ = F' diverges rather than vanishing as x → 0. The result is not obvious: Armendariz-Picon and Lim obtained asymptotically flat curves from minimally coupled k-essence. We show that none of their configurations reaches the deep-MOND regime, and that their polytropic family reproduces our scaling law exactly, with the MOND value n = 3/2 sitting at the boundary where their curves cease to flatten. Our statement extends to non-canonical kinetic terms a no-go established by Fabri for the minimal canonical scalar, recovering that case as n = 1. A self-contained symbolic verification script (31 checks) and the script generating the figures are included in this record.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Secretaría de Salud de Jalisco (MX)
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
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