Modification strategies for Mn3O4-based cathode materials: Multi-factor synergistic design towards high-performance and sustainable energy storage

Manganese tetroxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) has attracted considerable attention as a cathode material for sustainable energy storage applications owing to its natural abundance and high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is hindered by poor conductivity, significant volume variation and Mn dissolution, leading to inadequate cycling stability and rate performance. This systematic review comprehensively examines recent advances in modifying Mn 3 O 4 -based cathodes. Following a critical analysis of the fundamental challenges, three core modification strategies are systematically evaluated: ion doping, optimization of synthesis methods, and morphology/structure engineering. These strategies synergistically enhance electrochemical performance by regulating the crystal structure, optimizing microscopic properties, and constructing efficient conductive networks. To address the complexity of multi-parameter optimization, a multidimensional radar chart framework is proposed to visually assess and customize integrated modification schemes, enabling rational trade-offs among key performance indicators. Furthermore, the review highlights the pivotal role of machine learning and data-driven design in future research. This paradigm shift from trial-and-error experimentation to intelligent design offers new pathways for optimizing synthesis parameters and developing novel composite architectures. This review provides systematic insights and a methodological framework for the rational design of Mn 3 O 4 and related transition metal oxide cathodes, contributing to the advancement of high-performance and sustainable energy storage technologies.