Tomography analysis of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax SN 2024pxl
We present an abundance tomography analysis of SN 2024pxl, an intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (M_ =-16.82 ± 0.19 mag), with the most-detailed follow-up in the Type Iax subclass to date. As one of the few intermediate-luminosity Type Iax objects, SN 2024pxl may link the two extremes of the peculiar thermonuclear supernova subclass. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed its spectral evolution through the first 100 days after the explosion and aim to probe the structure of its ejecta. We conducted an abundance--tomography analysis using synthetic spectra produced with the one-dimensional radiative-transfer code TARDIS. The fit of the spectral time series provides a radial scan of physical properties and probes the stratification of chemical elements throughout most of the supernova (SN) ejecta. The observed spectral evolution is well fit with the final model, in line with the general predictions of the pure deflagration scenarios; however, significant modifications are required in the density function of the inner ejecta and in the chemical profiles of the outermost regions. The constrained physical characteristics, such as the photospheric velocities and the time of maximum light, are also consistent with other SNe Iax. Despite being small in numbers, intermediate-luminosity Type Iax SNe are not outliers in the subclass but demonstrate the continuous nature of SNe Iax through their luminosity range. Following this observation, we argue that all SNe Iax share the same progenitor and explosion origin. r
Authors
- R. J. Foley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-5275)
- K. Maguire (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-3508)
- Rishabh Singh Teja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-0872)
- J. Terwel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-3439)
- Régis Cartier
- Raya Dastidar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6191-7160)
- Lindsey A. Kwok (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-1328)
- Elinor L. Gates (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-0423)
- Saurabh W. Jha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8738-6011)
- A. J. Metevier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8154-6863)
- C. B. Dickinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9749-4200)
- A. Rest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-5387)
- Collin T. Christy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0528-202X)
- Matthew R. Siebert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-3891)
- Jennifer E. Andrews (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-0062)
- Conor Larison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2037-4619)
- József Vinkó (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-7832)
- Anthony L. Piro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-0673)
- Michaela Schwab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5096-1689)
- Barnabás Barna (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-4794)
- Or Graur (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-6137)
- Prasiddha Arunachalam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-3307)
- C. Fremling (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-103X)
- Gadiyara Chakrapani Anupama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3533-7183)
- Kishore C. Patra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1092-6806)
- Stefano Valenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0795)
- Aarna Garg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4441-3192)
- K. Taggart (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-4558)
- C. McCully (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-7893)
- Tamás Szalai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4610-1117)
- Bhagya Subrayan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-8731)
- Katie Auchettl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-9152)
- Kuntal Misra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-267X)
- Nicolas Meza Retamal
- Brian Hsu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-1742)
- Sofia Covarrubias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1858-561X)
- Andreas Flörs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2024-2819)
- Anjasha Gangopadhyay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-5637)
- Manisha Shrestha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-1874)
- D. Bánhidi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9929-7518)
- Lordrick Kahinga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5296-4046)
- Bailey Martin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4963-3206)
- Piramon Kumnurdmanee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7572-5679)
- Luca M. Menotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-4624)
- Erika Mochnács
- Aya L. Westerling
- Ravjit Kaur (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1871-7856)
- Abigail Polin
- César Rojas-Bravo
- Alexei V. Filippenko
- Brian P. Schmidt
- Mariusz Gromadzki
- Aravind P. Ravi
- T. E. Müller-Bravo
- Joel Johansson
- T. -W. Chen
- Sunil Simha
- Steve Schulze
- O. M. Robinson
- Devendra K. Sahu
- Arti Joshi
- Thomas G. Brink
- Yi Yang
- J. P. Anderson
- Keiichi Maeda
- Moira Andrews
- Daichi Hiramatsu
- A. A. Miller
- Shubham Srivastav
- Megan Newsome
- Darshana Mehta
- Hanindyo Kuncarayakti
- Yize Dong
- D. Andrew Howell
- Kyle W. Davis
- Chang Liu
- Emily Hoang
- Jeniveve Pearson
- Noah Franz
- WeiKang Zheng
- Jesper Sollerman
- K. Azalee Bostroem
- Ping Chen
- Joseph Farah
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez
- Lluís Galbany
- J. Craig Wheeler
- David A. Coulter
- David J. Sand
- Nathan Smith
- Sahana Kumar
- Mridweeka Singh
- Samaporn Tinyanont
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2026-10-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202660819
- Primary Topic
- Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Arthritis National Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation
- Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
- Ministry of Education, India
- European Southern Observatory
- National Science and Technology Council
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Science and Engineering Research Board
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- National Research, Development and Innovation Office