Exploring the Gendered Livelihoods in the Changing Climate among Fishing Communities in Kilwa District, Tanzania

Traditionally, fishing communities have primarily recognised men as the key players, overlooking the contributions of women. However, disparities in access to and use of coastal resources can shape gender-specific vulnerabilities to environmental changes and influence coastal resource management. This study employs a mixed-methods approach to explore the gendered dimensions of resource access, roles, and relationships in fishing communities. Data were collected from 83 respondents through a questionnaire survey (28.9% men and 71.1% women) across three wards, alongside three focus group discussions with 57 participants and six key informant interviews. The findings reveal that while men and women rely on coastal resources, women with higher awareness of climate change generate more income through post-production activities linked to markets. Women’s entrepreneurial skills, access to information, diversification, and social capital strengthen their livelihoods. Addressing the factors limiting growth enhances the extent of coastal livelihoods. Which households accrue full benefits from the coastal resources depends on realising the opportunities associated with the particular types of coastal resources that women have portrayed. The study recommends addressing barriers such as poor market conditions and infrastructure, improving climate resilience, and developing inclusive coastal resource management models that mainstream gender. These findings are helpful for policymakers and development practitioners, offering insights into promoting gender equality in resource management and enhancing the sustainability of coastal livelihoods in the face of environmental change.