Numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic free convection hybrid nanofluid flow within a porous cavity containing multiple-heated fins using finite difference scheme

Purpose Effective thermal management is essential for improving the performance, reliability, and lifespan of advanced thermal systems. The purpose of this study is to computationally investigate how fin location and height affect magnetohydrodynamic free-convection flow and heat transfer in a porous square cavity filled with a Cu–Al2O3–Ag/water ternary hybrid nanofluid under the combined effects of an oblique magnetic field, thermal radiation, and a heat source or sink. Design/methodology/approach In the present study, the flow and heat transfer processes within a porous square cavity filled with a ternary hybrid nanofluid, featuring multiple heated fins and different heating types, are computationally examined under free convection. In Cases I and II, the cavity consists of three equally spaced, thin, heated fins on the bottom and left walls. The finite difference method, based on the Marker and Cell method, is used to solve the system of equations and obtain the results. Findings The study confirms that the position and addition of fins play an essential role in regulating the flow and thermal behaviors within the cavity. As the fin height increased from 0.35 to 0.45, the flow strength increased in Case I, whereas it decreased significantly in Case II. However, overall thermal performance improved in both cases. Furthermore, for all configurations, a higher heat transfer rate is observed in case I than in case II. Notably, convective heat transfer is significantly enhanced when accounting for radiation, with the heat transfer rate increasing by approximately 68.72% in Case I and 72.70% in Case II as the radiation parameter is increased from 0 to 1. Practical implications Enclosed spaces with a heated bottom surface are often used in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning industry and in electronic cooling systems, where effective thermal management is crucial. The results of this study can be used to model thermal transport within an enclosure equipped with various heated fins at different heights, including the addition of fins and their location. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the effects of varying fin locations and heights have not been examined under the influence of an oblique magnetic field, thermal radiation and a heat source/sink.