Describing a Novel Framework to Replace Dual-Use as a Technological Label

Abstract When considering new forms of technological innovation, they are often given varying labels such as “emerging”, “disruptive”, or “critical”. However, nowhere is the literature more divided on the parameters of technological inclusion than in the field of “dual-use” technologies. Conceptually, dual-use technologies have a dichotomous characteristic: they can used for civilian purpose as well as in defence or military applications. But where do the boundaries lie? For example, are law enforcement, surveillance or espionage uses of new technologies deemed “civilian” or “military” in nature? Further, the labelling of a technology as “dual-use” is incredibly significant – it can trigger classification of research data or the imposition of export controls, making collaborative efforts and publications on that technology more difficult as researchers navigate a torturous process of governmental encroachment, licensing, and regulation. This paper proposes a radical shift in innovation policy: discarding dual-use as a label of technology. Instead, it proposes a more nuanced framework which encourages more granular discussions about the potential national and economic security implications of a given technological development. The paper goes on to argue for the analytical and empirical value of that framework through application in contextual case studies derived from classification and export control cases globally. This paper therefore frames dual-use as an unhelpful metaphor in technology policy and encourages the literature and industry of research move to a more helpful framework for discussing new technologies.