What is (an Organic) Analogy?

Abstract This article investigates “What is analogy?” from the perspective of the Socratic-Platonic question – $$\tau {\iota }$$ τ ι $${\epsilon }\sigma \tau \iota $$ ϵ σ τ ι , ti esti , “what is this?” With this goal in mind, we develop the Borromean Complementarities metaphor, represented by three interlinked threads, each of these made of intertwined strands of conflating concepts, for example, Homology & Archetype, Analogy & Prototype, and Chance & (De)Convexification. The context of application of these concepts includes biological theories of evolution, the means and methods used for studying divergence and convergence processes leading to “life forms most beautiful”, and their organization in a tree of life. Moreover, we suggest innovative definitions for the concepts of Analogy and Prototype, and motivate their use for acquiring pertinent quantitative information leading to statistical methods of analysis that in turn can be helpful for reaching clear conclusions while avoiding logical traps and pitfalls. Furthermore, we explain how the concepts of Analogy and Prototype can support functional or teleological interpretations. Finally, we consider the philosophical consequences of these discussions concerning the use and meaning of language, and indicate some topics for further research.