Systematic Evolution of Magnetic Anisotropy and Crystal-electric-field Ground States in Sm Tr 2 Ge 2

We investigated the crystal-electric-field (CEF) states in SmTr 2 Ge 2 (Tr = Co–Cu and Ag) with the ThCr 2 Si 2 -type structure by magnetization and specific heat measurements. The magnetic anisotropy evolves systematically with Tr, changing from an easy ab plane for Tr = Co and Ni to an easy c axis for Tr = Cu and Ag. Combined analyses of the low-temperature susceptibility and magnetic entropy indicate a level crossing of the CEF ground state between Ni and Cu, together with a systematic evolution of the first excited CEF energy. The evolution of the magnetic properties correlates with changes in local structural parameters, providing an experimental basis for discussing how the ligand environment around the Sm ion is related to the 4f electronic state.