Knowledge and practice of waste disposal among residents of Boji-Boji Owa Delta State, Nigeria

Inadequate solid waste management remains a major public health and environmental challenge in many Nigerian urban communities, contributing to pollution and the spread of preventable diseases. Despite existing policies and services, improper waste disposal persists, particularly in rapidly growing towns such as Boji-BojiOwa, Delta State. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of waste disposal among residents of Boji-BojiOwa and identified factors influencing proper waste management. A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted among 343 residents aged ≥ 18 years using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed with SPSS version 26 using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, mean and charts and inferential statistics such as Chi-Square and logistic regression, while qualitative data were analysed thematically for themes and content. Although 86.9% of respondents were aware of health risks associated with improper waste disposal, 75.5% demonstrated poor knowledge, and 58.9% exhibited poor waste disposal practices. Less than one-third had received training on waste management. Knowledge was significantly associated with sex, awareness of health risks, and prior training (p < 0.05). Municipal collection was the most common disposal method, but burning and open dumping were still prevalent. A substantial gap exists between awareness of proper waste disposal and actual practice in Boji-BojiOwa, largely due to limited education, inadequate infrastructure, and inconsistent services. Improved community-based environmental education, improved waste collection infrastructure, and health-focused behavioural change campaigns are essential to promote sustainable waste management and protect public health.