Comparative MHD transport analysis of nano, hybrid and ternary hybrid nanofluids with thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Joule heating and viscous dissipation

Abstract This study develops a comparative model of MHD transport in nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary hybrid nanofluids under slip boundary conditions, incorporating thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation. Similarity transformations reduce the governing nonlinear equations to ordinary differential equations, which are solved using a numerical shooting method. The results demonstrate that ternary hybrid nanofluids provide enhanced thermal performance compared with conventional and hybrid nanofluids due to improved effective thermal and electrical conductivities. The effects of key parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt number are systematically examined. The findings offer useful insights for thermal management, process optimization, and high-performance heat-transfer systems in chemical engineering applications.