Concentration, not position: what the Bullet Cluster demands of MOND-like gravity
The Bullet Cluster is usually summarised by one fact: its lensing mass follows the galaxies rather than the gas. The published measurements support three tests: where the subcluster's mass peak lies, how much mass lies within 250 kpc of its brightest galaxy, and how that mass divides between two 80 kpc circles centred on the X-ray peak and on the galaxy. We apply all three to quasi-linear MOND with calibrated baryons, and to an extension in which the added density relaxes towards its static value over a time τ while carried with the matter. Without this memory the peak lies on the gas, 224 kpc from the galaxies; with τ ≳ 0.4 Gyr, under our fiducial assumptions, it moves onto them, as it does for compact galaxies without memory. The amount test depends on the lensing analysis: the model is three times short of the 2006 masses but matches the JWST masses. The concentration test does not. Every version we computed places at least 0.87 times as much mass on the gas peak as on the galaxy, against 0.49 ± 0.05 observed. Being independent of the amplitude, this cannot be repaired by rescaling the added field, nor by a potential-dependent acceleration scale or individual member galaxies. Collisionless matter moving with the subcluster's galaxies passes: 1.1 to 1.5 × 10¹⁴ M☉ on their scale for the 2006 masses, or 1 to 2 × 10¹³ M☉ on scales of 100 kpc or less for the JWST masses, possibly stellar remnants if the JWST circle masses allow. Code: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22939742
Authors
- Yohannes Dereje Alemayehu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7846-3964)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Published
- 2026-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22940707
- Primary Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Type
- preprint