Density and PvT Behavior of Ethyl Levulinate + CO2 + Ethanol Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

Abstract Ethyl levulinate is a promising biomass-derived platform molecule with potential applications in green chemistry. The development and optimization of processes involving ethyl levulinate require reliable thermophysical property data, particularly at high temperatures and pressures. In this work, new volumetric and phase equilibrium data were obtained for systems containing ethyl levulinate, ethanol, and CO2. New experimental data sets of PvT, were obtained using a high-pressure isochoric cell. Measurements were carried out over temperatures ranging from 298 to 573 K and pressures up to 34 MPa. The experimental study includes pure ethyl levulinate, binary systems, as well as the ternary system ethyl levulinate + ethanol + CO2. These data provide new thermodynamic information for ethyl levulinate and expand the available database for these systems under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The experimental results were correlated using the RK-PR EOS and predicted with the GCA EOS. Both models provided comparable performance, yielding AARD values of 5.5% and 5.3%, respectively, for the ternary system. Overall, the results show that both models provide a reasonable representation of the phase behavior of these systems, while the new experimental data contribute to improving the thermodynamic description of ethyl levulinate-based mixtures under high-pressure conditions.