Endocrine–Immune Crosstalk in Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Role of Micronutrients, with Emphasis on Vitamin D

Background: Pediatric autoimmune disorders are increasingly common, yet outcomes remain poor due to delayed diagnosis and lack of appropriate actions. Immune system dysfunction frequently coincides with deficiencies in essential micronutrients and cofactors, including vitamin D. Objectives: This study evaluated the contribution of vitamin D and cofactor (e.g., magnesium) deficiencies to impaired endocrine secretion and autoimmune susceptibility, which may trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity in children. Methods: This systematic review examines the complex interactions between micronutrients—particularly vitamin D—and cofactors such as zinc, selenium, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids, and their effects on endocrine and immune function. These interactions influence enzymatic activity, immune regulatory mechanisms, and endocrine pathways, potentially causing hormonal disequilibrium and increasing the risk of pediatric autoimmune disorders. Results: The review underscores the importance of early diagnosis, cost-effective non-pharmacological interventions, and targeted micronutrient strategies in reducing the risk, incidence, and severity of these disorders, prior to using expensive patented agents. Proactive supplementation—particularly with vitamin D3 and complementary cofactor micronutrients— known to strengthen immune functions, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and mitigate the development of autoimmune disease. Understanding the interconnected roles of micronutrient balance, gut microbiota, and immune dysregulation is essential for effective prevention and management of these conditions in childhood. Conclusions: This review encourages pediatricians and other healthcare professionals to adopt integrative, cost-efficient approaches—including holistic, orthomolecular strategies centered on personalized nutritional therapy—in addition to optimizing general health, to reduce the risk of autoimmune disorders and mitigate associated complications. Such approaches are likely to improve clinical outcomes, reform future research and public health strategy, and reduce healthcare costs. Optimizing micronutrient status may substantially enhance children's well-being and long-term quality of life.