Clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital

Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer is a leading global cause of oncology-related mortality, accounting for 18% of cancer deaths. In Africa, data on prevalence are limited, and late presentations contribute to high morbidity. While tobacco is the primary risk factor, a significant number of cases occur in never-smokers, suggesting the influence of biomass fuel, pollution, and chronic lung disease. This study aims to describe the clinical profile of lung cancer patients at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Nigeria, where a harmonized registry is currently lacking. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from case notes of 94 patients diagnosed with lung cancer between 2019 and 2023. Information was retrieved from the radiology, oncology, respiratory, and cardiothoracic departments. Data points included sociodemographics, smoking history, comorbidities, symptoms, imaging, histology, treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 41 males (43.6%) and 53 females (56.4%), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3. The mean age at presentation was 58.65 ± 13.1 years. Notably, 82% of patients were never-smokers; only 18% were “ever-smokers” (10% current, 8% former). Cough was the most predominant symptom. Radiologically, lung mass was the most frequent finding (52.1%). Histologically, adenocarcinoma was the most common type (17%). Regarding management, approximately 23% received chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this Nigerian environment, lung cancer is prevalent among nonsmokers. A significant proportion of patients defaulted on treatment or was lost to follow-up. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved lung cancer screening, prompt diagnosis, and structured treatment protocols to improve clinical outcomes.