A comparative evaluation of 3D apparel simulation systems for customized garment development

Purpose This study compared two 3D computer-aided design (CAD) systems, Browzwear VStitcher (Program A) and Clo3D (Program B), to evaluate their perceived simulation performance and fit similarity for customized dresses across diverse body shapes and sizes. Design/methodology/approach Using Davis’s (1989) Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as an interpretive framework, the study examined the participants’ perceptions of the usefulness of the simulation results and the researchers’ observations of workflow characteristics related to ease of use. Fifteen participants with patternmaking and 3D simulation experience evaluated eight virtual dresses developed using both programs against four corresponding physical garments. Evaluations focused on participants’ visual assessments of customized dresses, avatar representation, fabric drape and overall fit, supported by quantitative and qualitative analyses. Findings Program A varied significantly across the four models for four of 21 criteria, whereas Program B varied for one, indicating greater consistency in Program B. Program B was rated significantly more favorably for Model 4’s back-armhole fit and Model 1’s avatar posture. Several other comparisons showed moderate-to-large effect sizes but did not reach statistical significance after Holm-Bonferroni correction. Participants also noted unrealistic fabric smoothness and avatar proportion discrepancies, highlighting workflow-specific strengths and limitations. Originality/value This study provides a user-centered comparison of two apparel simulation systems in customized dress development, using TAM as an interpretive framework alongside a multidimensional assessment of virtual garments to inform sustainable workflows.