Emerging 4D printed biomedical wearable devices

Abstract This article offers a comprehensive overview of the advancements in 4D printed biomedical wearable devices. It begins by discussing various three-dimensional printing methods, exploring their specific advantages and applications in the biomedical field. The article highlights the use of advanced materials and responsive techniques pivotal in 4D printing, showcasing the potential of these technologies in creating dynamic, adaptive biomedical devices. Furthermore, it explores complex design and structural aspects unique to 4D printing, illustrating how these innovations are poised to revolutionize the landscape of biomedical wearables. The paper concludes with reflections on the future implications and possibilities of these emerging technologies, emphasizing their role in enhancing healthcare solutions and applications. Overall, this review highlights the current progress, challenges, and future research directions of 4D printing for biomedical wearable devices, while noting that most reported technologies remain at the prototype or preclinical stage and require further validation before widespread clinical translation.