Аналіз nb-iot і unb технологій та оцінка безпеки передачі даних у 4g/5g мережах

Modern telecommunications networks and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are actively being integrated into industrial, urban, and household systems, increasing the requirements for data transmission reliability and security. Among the technologies that provide low power consumption and scalability in large-scale networks, NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) and UNB (Ultra Narrowband) stand out. This article presents a detailed comparative analysis of these technologies in the context of their operation in 4G and 5G networks, evaluating their efficiency, data transmission latency, and security mechanisms, including encryption, authentication, and resistance to attacks. The architectural features of NB-IoT and UNB are examined, including the stages of data transmission from the device to the base station, network and application server processing, as well as the specifics of integration with existing 4G/5G network infrastructures. To assess security and efficiency, integral indicators are proposed that take into account encryption effectiveness, authentication level, attack resistance, and data transmission latency. The study is based on an analysis of scientific publications, technical standards, including 3GPP Releases 13–17, and the results of experimental traffic simulation models in a virtual environment. The results demonstrate that NB-IoT provides greater compatibility with 4G/5G networks, extensive scalability, and a high level of data protection, whereas UNB is characterized by low power consumption and high interference resistance but limited bandwidth. The assessment of data transmission security makes it possible to determine optimal configurations for specific use cases, reduce the risks of unauthorized access and data loss, and ensure the reliability and stability of IoT systems in corporate, industrial, and urban networks. The findings can be used to develop strategies for building secure IoT networks based on NB-IoT and UNB in 4G/5G environments, as well as to identify priority areas for further research in cybersecurity and IoT protocol optimization.nbsp; nbsp;