Drivers of ultra-processed food consumption for infant and young child feeding: a mixed-methods study in the urban setting of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Purpose The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) among infants and young children has emerged as a growing public health concern in Indonesia. This mixed-methods study aims to identify factors associated with UPF consumption among children aged 6–23 months and to explore caregivers’ perspectives on the factors shaping UPF consumption during complementary feeding. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative survey was used to assess the consumption of UPFs using the NOVA classification system. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify associated sociodemographic factors. A purposive subsample of mothers participated in in-depth interviews to explore contextual and behavioral factors, and the data were analyzed thematically. Findings UPFs contributed a mean of 40.65% of total energy intake. Higher intake was associated with maternal employment status, low household income and non-maternal care. The mothers in the study perceived UPFs as factory-made foods containing preservatives, yet still acceptable to be consumed in moderation. The consumption of UPFs was influenced by their availability, affordability, convenience and was further reinforced by family permissiveness, children’s taste preferences and their use to prevent child fussiness. Research limitations/implications Future research should further examine the identified determinants across diverse settings and evaluate strategies to strengthen caregivers’ nutritional literacy and access to nutritious foods. Practical implications Strengthening caregivers’ nutritional literacy and improving access to affordable, nutritious foods are critical to reducing children’s exposure to UPFs during early developmental stages. Originality/value This study integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of UPF consumption during the complementary feeding period in urban Indonesia, highlighting both socioeconomic and behavioral drivers of early dietary practices.