Cybercrime 3.0: the rise of artificial intelligence crime

Abstract The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into criminal modus operandi marks a paradigm shift in the evolution of cybercrime. This article proposes the concept of ‘Cybercrime 3.0’ to denote this evolution, following Cybercrime 1.0 (harmonisation of substantive criminal law) and Cybercrime 2.0 (offences in the blockchain ecosystem). The article develops a tripartite taxonomy for Cybercrime 3.0: AI as infrastructure, AI as a tool for cyber-enabled or cyber-dependent crime, and AI as target of adversarial attacks. The analysis is descriptive on AI-enabled modus operandi and highlights possible tensions with substantive criminal law.