Where does climate injustice go? Climate displacement, gendered vulnerability, and urban exclusion in Sahelian cities

Climate-induced displacement is reshaping urbanisation across the Sahel, yet limited attention has been paid to how vulnerability is reconfigured after displaced populations arrive in cities. This article examines how climate-related displacement reproduces gendered vulnerability and urban exclusion in Niger Republic and northern Nigeria. Drawing on qualitative comparative document analysis informed by climate justice, feminist political ecology, and urban exclusion theory, it develops the concept of the urbanisation of climate injustice. The findings demonstrate that displacement can transform environmental vulnerability into urban marginality through unequal incorporation, exclusionary governance, constrained citizenship, and limited access to resources and services. The article argues that resilient urban futures require justice-centred adaptation grounded in participation, inclusion, gender equality, and equitable urban governance.