In-between spaces in traditional architecture: socio-cultural sustainable solutions for future challenges

Abstract In traditional architecture worldwide, in-between or intermediate spaces are an example of a crossroads of different elements, ambiences, spheres, surroundings, and functions. They are the result of transition between public and private, outside and inside, nature and the building. They create places for socio-cultural exchange with various cultural and social activities, as vital parts of everyday life that promote personal and social relationships. They also have a significant environmental role as controlled microclimatic thermal regulators that mitigates harsh temperatures. In-between spaces are found in various typologies in terms of their layout, geometry, and function, as well as their relationship to other spaces. The aim of this study is to highlight the diversity and functionality of these intermediate spaces, emphasizing how they are shaped by cultural, social, and environmental influences. Their architectural typologies and spatial characteristics are identified and analysed in the traditional domestic architecture of the Middle East, while also exploring their modern adaptation through different case studies. The study defines various types of in-between spaces on a gradient between the public and private realms with distinctive design techniques related to their spatial characteristics. These traditional techniques offer sustainable design strategies for future residential designs that are culturally responsive, inclusive, and sustainable, balancing modern well-being with identity preservation.