Sleep quality and associated factors among adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mampong municipality, Ghana: a multicentre cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Sleep disturbance is an increasingly recognised comorbidity among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with implications for metabolic control and quality of life. However, evidence from primary care settings in Ghana remains limited. This study assessed sleep quality and its associated factors among adults with T2DM in Mampong Municipality, Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 401 adults with T2DM between January and March 2026. Sleep quality, perceived stress, and social support were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, Spearman correlation, and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Results The median PSQI score was 7 (IQR: 6–20), and 150 (37.4%; 95% CI: 32.7–42.3) participants had poor sleep quality. Perceived stress was positively correlated with PSQI scores (ρ = 0.668, p < 0.001), whereas social support was inversely correlated (ρ = −0.645, p < 0.001). After adjustment, a 5-point increase in perceived stress was associated with higher odds of poor sleep quality (AOR = 3.67, 95% CI: 1.99–6.75), while a 5-point increase in social support was associated with lower odds (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41–0.79). Participants aged 45–60 years and > 60 years had higher odds than those aged 30–44 years. Insulin use and combined insulin-oral therapy were also associated with higher odds, while participants with high physical activity had lower odds of poor sleep quality (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02–0.55). Conclusion Poor sleep quality affected more than one-third of adults with T2DM. Perceived stress, social support, age, treatment type, and physical activity were independently associated with sleep quality. Integrating sleep and psychosocial assessment into routine diabetes care may improve diabetes care. Clinical trial number Not applicable.