Bioactive Compounds in Mandarin (Citrus reticulata): Composition, Analytical Characterization and Therapeutic Potential

Mandarin is one of the most widely consumed citrus fruits worldwide and is a rich source of phytochemical compounds with important biological activities for human health. This review comprehensively addresses the distribution, chemical properties, and therapeutic significance of the main bioactive compounds found in mandarins, particularly flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, vitamins, and essential oils. Furthermore, it presents up-to-date information on the chromatographic, spectroscopic, and metabolomic analytical approaches used to identify and quantify these compounds. The biological activities of mandarin-derived phytochemicals have been evaluated in terms of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, anticancer, and metabolic regulatory effects. Current studies indicate that hesperidin, narirutin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and various phenolic acids make significant contributions to the positive health effects of mandarins. Furthermore, the distribution of these bioactive compounds in different fruit tissues, their concentration levels, and their interactions have been explained, and current scientific evidence regarding their potential effects on human health has been evaluated. In conclusion, this review brings together the latest information on the chemical characterization, therapeutic potential, and analytical methods of bioactive compounds found in mandarins, providing a scientific basis for future research and the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and natural health products.