Heat and mass transfer analysis of Williamson tetra hybrid Cu SiO2 CoFe2O4 MoS2 nanofluid flow over a vertical cylinder with MHD porous medium soret and dufour effects

The objective of the present study is to investigate the heat and mass transfer behavior of Williamson tetra-hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical cylinder, considering the effects of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, thermophoresis, the Dufour effect, and porous media. The main objective is to analyze the impact of key governing parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, streamline, and isotherm distributions, and to evaluate the thermal performance of tetra-hybrid nanofluids compared to hybrid and tri-hybrid nanofluids. Similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing nonlinear partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically using appropriate computational methods. The present model is proposed based on a limited number of cases, which are compared with the available literature, showing good agreement and confirming the accuracy of the results. The novelty of the work lies in the use of tetra-hybrid nanoparticles and in the detailed streamline and isotherm visualizations under a variety of coupled physical effects, which have not been extensively explored in previous studies. The findings indicate that tetra-hybrid nanofluids have a significant effect on heat transfer performance, increasing temperature and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer, and on thermophoresis, reducing the temperature distribution. Applications such as electronic cooling systems, solar thermal collectors, biomedical flows, and industrial heat exchangers, where heat performance and fluid behavior are crucial, are of practical interest to the research.