What Attracts Migrants from Türkiye to Europe? A Panel Data Analysis of Destination-Country Pull Factors

This article analyses the destination-country factors associated with migration from Türkiye to Europe using a panel dataset of 20 countries over the period 2012–2022. In order to determine these factors, we construct an empirical model based on the gravity model, push-pull framework, and neoclassical theories of migration. According to the results, labour market conditions, demographic size, and income are important explanatory factors in line with the existing literature. However, findings suggest that certain characteristics of destination countries, particularly migrant integration policies and political stability, are also associated with migration flows at the macro level. European countries with more inclusive integration policies and more predictable political environments attract higher migration inflows from Türkiye. Therefore, the article, argues that migration from Türkiye should not be explained only through economic and labour-market factors.