Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for detection of renal tubular injury in Vipera berus-envenomated and critically ill dogs with and without clinically apparent acute kidney injury

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs has high mortality and early diagnosis is essential, but traditional markers are not sensitive enough to detect renal injury in the absence of decreased glomerular filtration rate. The objective of this study was to compare urinary cystatin C (uCysC), N -acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG), and glucose (uGlu) among dogs hospitalised because of envenomation by Vipera berus (EVB) or admitted for intensive care without (IC) or with (AKI APP ) clinically apparent AKI, and 30 healthy dogs. Urine and serum samples were collected on days 1 and 2, and urine samples on days 7 and 14. Urinary CysC, NAG, and glucose concentrations were measured with an automated chemistry analyser, normalised to urinary creatinine concentration (uCr) and compared among groups. Results Ninety-seven dogs were included (30 HC, 28 EVB, 14 AKI APP and 25 IC dogs). Age, bodyweight, and sex did not differ among groups. On day 1, median [IQR] uCysC/uCr (10 –3 ) and uGlu/uCr were higher ( p < 0.008) in EVB (0.05 [0.03–0.11], 0.04 [0.03–0.06)]), IC (0.06 [0.03–0.4], 0.05 [0.03–0.09]), and AKI APP (4.4 [0.13–30.0], 0.12 [0.05–0.45]) groups, compared to healthy dogs (0.02 [0.01–0.03], 0.03 [0.02–0.04]). Urinary markers decreased over two weeks post hospitalisation in all groups except AKI APP . Initial levels of uCysC/uCr were higher ( p < 0.002) and remained elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors of AKI APP , suggesting potential prognostic value. Conclusions Urinary CysC/uCr and Glu/uCr are potential markers of tubular injury in early stages of AKI in dogs.