Self‐Passivated Metal Oxides Composite Buffer Stabilizing Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules

ABSTRACT Narrowing the device‐to‐module gap of perovskite photovoltaic is a crucial issue at this stage. Current limitations include the lack of efficient, stable, and low‐cost buffer layers that are compatible with scalable production. Here, a composite of self‐passivating metals is reported that overcomes the Volmer–Weber growth on the C 60 surface in thermal evaporation, ultimately forming an ultrathin, compact, and robust self‐passivated metal oxide buffer, which demonstrates reduced non‐radiative recombination and a strong barrier against component migration in devices. Besides, the adverse crystallization of C 60 under damp and heat is suppressed. Implementing this approach, the blade‐coated perovskite solar module (PSM) achieved a certified steady‐state power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.72% over an aperture area of 20.3 cm 2 . The outdoor stability analysis of PSM was conducted following ISOS‐O‐1 protocol, which exhibited negligible PCE loss throughout 6 months, suggesting reliable durability under real conditions.