Coupled Magnetic and Electric Divergence Precursors in Tokamak Disruptions: Empirical Validation of Relativistic Frame Transformations and Force Density Equilibrium

Achieving stable magnetic confinement in thermonuclear fusion plasmas remains a major physics and engineering challenge. While classical Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models treat fluid motion and electrodynamics as decoupled systems enforcing strict solenoidality (divergence of B = 0), this paper presents an extended theoretical framework based on unified volumetric force density (N/m3) and classical Lorentz transformations (Electric Field = velocity cross Magnetic Field, and Magnetic Field = - velocity cross Electric Displacement). We demonstrate that rapid, localized plasma movement and electron acceleration during instability onset generate coupled spatial divergence signals: a macroscopic magnetic divergence (divergence of B not equal to 0) paired with a mirror-symmetric electric divergence (divergence of E not equal to 0). The anti-phase relationship (sign of divergence of B = - sign of divergence of E) provides an unequivocal relativistic signature that distinguishes genuine structural plasma collapse from non-disruptive field compression or single-sensor diagnostic noise. To empirically validate this dual-divergence precursor framework, a frozen double-blind testing protocol was executed across four radically different magnetic confinement topologies: TCABR (Brazil): Isolation of the coupled precursor signal yielded an average early warning lead time of 0.234 ms (max 1.502 ms). FAIR MAST (UK): Validation on a mega-ampere spherical tokamak (>700 kA) expanded the lead window to over 7.16 ms. NIFS LHD (Japan): In a highly asymmetric 3D superconducting stellarator, the algorithm successfully detected the precursor in 49.58% of disruptive shots (468 detections), delivering massive early warning lead times up to 199.9 ms (mean 124.5 ms). GOLEM (Czech Republic): Ultimate scale-invariance was proven on a mini-tokamak with 100% sensitivity and lead times up to 10.2 ms. By expanding high-resolution precursor profiles with dual magnetic and electric divergence plots, this study establishes a universal, physically explainable, and noise-resilient early warning metric for active disruption mitigation systems (such as SPI and MGI) in modern fusion reactors.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22878609
Primary Topic
Magnetic confinement fusion research
Type
preprint
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preprint

Coupled Magnetic and Electric Divergence Precursors in Tokamak Disruptions: Empirical Validation of Relativistic Frame Transformations and Force Density Equilibrium

Wim Vegt
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Magnetic confinement fusion research
preprint

Coupled Magnetic and Electric Divergence Precursors in Tokamak Disruptions: Empirical Validation of Relativistic Frame Transformations and Force Density Equilibrium

Wim Vegt
preprint en

Abstract

Achieving stable magnetic confinement in thermonuclear fusion plasmas remains a major physics and engineering challenge. While classical Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models treat fluid motion and electrodynamics as decoupled systems enforcing strict solenoidality (divergence of B = 0), this paper presents an extended theoretical framework based on unified volumetric force density (N/m3) and classical Lorentz transformations (Electric Field = velocity cross Magnetic Field, and Magnetic Field = - velocity cross Electric Displacement). We demonstrate that rapid, localized plasma movement and electron acceleration during instability onset generate coupled spatial divergence signals: a macroscopic magnetic divergence (divergence of B not equal to 0) paired with a mirror-symmetric electric divergence (divergence of E not equal to 0). The anti-phase relationship (sign of divergence of B = - sign of divergence of E) provides an unequivocal relativistic signature that distinguishes genuine structural plasma collapse from non-disruptive field compression or single-sensor diagnostic noise. To empirically validate this dual-divergence precursor framework, a frozen double-blind testing protocol was executed across four radically different magnetic confinement topologies: TCABR (Brazil): Isolation of the coupled precursor signal yielded an average early warning lead time of 0.234 ms (max 1.502 ms). FAIR MAST (UK): Validation on a mega-ampere spherical tokamak (>700 kA) expanded the lead window to over 7.16 ms. NIFS LHD (Japan): In a highly asymmetric 3D superconducting stellarator, the algorithm successfully detected the precursor in 49.58% of disruptive shots (468 detections), delivering massive early warning lead times up to 199.9 ms (mean 124.5 ms). GOLEM (Czech Republic): Ultimate scale-invariance was proven on a mini-tokamak with 100% sensitivity and lead times up to 10.2 ms. By expanding high-resolution precursor profiles with dual magnetic and electric divergence plots, this study establishes a universal, physically explainable, and noise-resilient early warning metric for active disruption mitigation systems (such as SPI and MGI) in modern fusion reactors.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
Magnetic confinement fusion research
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