Influence of Extraction Solvents on the Biological Activities of Callisia fragrans Leaf Extracts for Skin-Related Cosmetic Applications

Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson has been reported to possess several biological activities; however, its potential for skin-related applications remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate C. fragrans leaf extracts prepared using different extraction solvents for their potential for skin-related applications. The extracts were comparatively evaluated for extraction yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities. The selected 50% (v/v) ethanolic and propylene glycol extracts were further evaluated for cytocompatibility and biological activities in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The 50% (v/v) ethanolic extract exhibited the most favorable overall antioxidant profile among the dried extracts. Both selected extracts were cytocompatible at the tested concentrations. The 50% (v/v) ethanolic extract increased HDF cellular metabolic activity to 2.57-fold and markedly reduced UV-induced intracellular ROS production in HDFs and RAW 264.7 macrophages. It also exhibited greater inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production than the propylene glycol extract. However, neither extract enhanced hydroxyproline accumulation under the present experimental conditions. Overall, the 50% (v/v) ethanolic extract exhibited greater biological responses than the propylene glycol extract, particularly in HDF cellular metabolic activity and the inhibition of intracellular ROS and nitric oxide production. These findings suggest that the 50% (v/v) ethanolic extract of C. fragrans leaves has potential for further development as a natural cosmetic ingredient for skin-related applications.