Impact of Sahelian Climate Variables on Solar Photovoltaic Output

ABSTRACT Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is a critical pathway for advancing the energy transition in the Sahel. However, PV module performance in this region is strongly constrained by extreme climatic conditions. This study investigates the effects of (1) wind speed, (2) relative humidity, (3) temperature, (4) dust deposition, and (5) solar irradiance on the performance of monocrystalline PV modules under the Sahelian climate of Niger. Electrical performance was evaluated through current–voltage ( I–V ) characterization under varying environmental conditions. Dust samples collected from module surfaces were analyzed to determine their physicochemical properties. Results show that output power decreases proportionally with increasing dust density due to reduced optical transmittance. Module efficiency increases with incident irradiance and wind speed, but declines with rising module temperature. Relative humidity exhibits a negative effect within the investigated range of 30%–60%. Within the investigated experimental range, the best observed performance was obtained at a wind speed of approximately 8 m·s −1 , relative humidity of 30%, and module temperature of 30°C. Mineralogical and compositional analyses of deposited dust using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) reveals predominance of SiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 compounds. These oxides significantly attenuate incident solar radiation, thereby limiting energy conversion efficiency. The findings highlight a combined impact of thermal, aerodynamic, and soiling effects on PV performance in arid Sahelian environments and provide practical insights for system design, maintenance scheduling, and performance optimization in dust‐prone regions.