Encircled by Class: Examining the Association Between Social Class Discrimination From Multiple Sources and the Variety of Substances Used Among Adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Social class discrimination refers to interpersonal bias based on social class and can originate from multiple sources. Adolescence is a critical period for examining this phenomenon, as it is linked to important behavioral and health outcomes. Substance use is one such outcome and remains a major global public health concern. While social class discrimination has been linked to tobacco use, its association with adolescent substance use remains unexplored. To address this gap, we investigated the association between social class discrimination from peers, classmates, school personnel, and members of the broader community, and substance use. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were administered to 1556 adolescents (44.5% girls, aged 16.16, SD = 1.20) from 2 public high schools in the United States. Social class discrimination was measured with a scale that addressed multiple sources, including peers, classmates, school personnel, and members of the broader community. Substance use included alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, opioids, and illicit drugs. RESULTS: Negative binomial regression showed that teacher discrimination was uniquely associated with higher substance use. No significant moderation by gender or social class was found. DISCUSSION: Findings highlight the important role of teachers in adolescents' experiences of social class discrimination and substance use. Teacher-based discrimination may represent a particularly salient developmental risk factor, underscoring the need for inclusive and equitable school environments.