Structure–property engineering of additively manufactured and 3D-printed polymeric biomaterials for chronic wound management

Abstract Chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, pressure sores, and surgical incisions, may develop if the natural healing process is disrupted. Traditional approaches to managing chronic wounds require the involvement of a healthcare professional, although they do not guarantee patient adherence. The use of machine tooling in the design of wound healing products has provided effective solutions to this issue. In recent years, additive manufacturing has emerged as a versatile method that has garnered the attention of researchers and healthcare professionals. Additive manufacturing involves constructing intricate structures layer-by-layer using synthetic or natural polymers. Techniques such as stereolithography and micro-extrusion bioprinting have enabled the creation of diverse products that support wound healing. Furthermore, researchers are developing personalised wound healing therapies utilising advanced 3D printing technologies. The development of bioinks containing cells and therapeutics has greatly improved wound treatment and care. This progress is especially obvious in skin replacement engineering and regeneration. Printing methods enable the integration of bioactive chemicals and cells into polymers, scaffold designs, and individualised wound dressings, leading to faster healing. Overall, this extensive review covers recent advances in additive manufacturing and bioprinted polymeric biomaterials for chronic wound healing. Graphical abstract