A study of inertia response and inertia market mechanisms considering source-grid-load-storage in a 100% renewable energy system

Power systems are facing a major problem during the transition to 100% renewable energy systems: as synchronous generators are gradually replaced by power electronic devices, the system inertia level decreases significantly, and under normal conditions, the inertia on the generation side is insufficient to meet the system's inertia requirements. To address this issue, this paper comprehensively considers the inertia resources on the source side, the grid side, the load side and the energy storage side, and incentivizes these inertia resources to participate in the market through the market mechanism, thereby collectively maintaining system frequency stability. This paper first analyzes the inertia response characteristics of source-grid-load-storage resources and, based on this, constructs the frequency security constraints for 100% renewable energy systems. Second, an inertia market optimization clearing model that considers the inertia response of source-grid-load-storage resources is proposed, which accurately quantifies the value of inertia resources in different types of 100% renewable energy systems, specifically, systems dominated by hydropower and systems dominated by wind and solar power. Finally, case studies are used to verify the effectiveness of the joint participation of source-grid-load-storage resources in the inertia market.