Design and Verification of Adaptive LIF Neurons: From Single-Neuron Dynamics to Multi-Neuron Spiking Networks

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising path toward ultra-low-power artificial intelligence inference by emulating the event-driven computation of biological neurons. However, two challenges limit their practical deployment. First, fixed-parameter Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neurons lack the adaptation mechanisms observed in biology, where neurons modulate their excitability based on firing history. Second, scaling from single neurons to multi-neuron networks introduces challenges in synaptic weight distribution and inter-neuron spike routing that are absent in isolated designs. This paper addresses both issues through the extension, verification, and physical implementation of adaptive LIF neurons at three architectural scales. Building on Lin’s 1st-order adaptive LIF neuron—previously developed as a Tiny Tapeout macro—this work contributes a 2nd-order neuron with two-stage synaptic filtering for richer temporal dynamics; a fully connected six-neuron spiking network with configurable weights (100 to 5) demonstrating weight-based inter-neuron communication; and a direct verification methodology enabling per-cycle observation of all internal states. All designs were synthesized targeting Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) 14 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor technology at 1 GHz and verified with Cocotb-based Python testbenches under pulsed current stimuli (amplitude 80, ISI = 3). The results show that adaptation effectively modulates firing: 31% suppression in the 2nd-order neuron (25 vs. 36 spikes) and 31% reduction in postsynaptic firing in the network (18 vs. 26 spikes). Physically, the 2nd-order neuron costs 1.77× more area and 1.52× more power than the 1st-order baseline, while the six-neuron network demonstrates near-linear scaling (5.7× area, 5.3× power). Seven verification bugs spanning testbench connectivity, fixed-point overflow, and Verilog expression-width semantics are documented.