The Mirror Theorem: Central Incidence Saturation in Keith Recurrences

Can a mirror emerge when numbers return? Some numbers reappear in sequences generated from their own digits. Known as Keith numbers since 1987, they are the starting point for Federico Ignacio Zamponi’s Keith mirrors, a class defined by how terms occur in the recurrence equations. Nearly four decades later, the Mirror Theorem classifies this family across all number bases from 3 onward: exactly 35 mirrors with three or more digits, alongside two infinite families of two-digit mirrors. The paper includes mathematical proofs and code to reproduce the finite classification.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22882054
Primary Topic
semigroups and automata theory
Type
preprint
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preprint

The Mirror Theorem: Central Incidence Saturation in Keith Recurrences

Federico Ignacio Zamponi
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
semigroups and automata theory
preprint

The Mirror Theorem: Central Incidence Saturation in Keith Recurrences

Federico Ignacio Zamponi
preprint en

Abstract

Can a mirror emerge when numbers return? Some numbers reappear in sequences generated from their own digits. Known as Keith numbers since 1987, they are the starting point for Federico Ignacio Zamponi’s Keith mirrors, a class defined by how terms occur in the recurrence equations. Nearly four decades later, the Mirror Theorem classifies this family across all number bases from 3 onward: exactly 35 mirrors with three or more digits, alongside two infinite families of two-digit mirrors. The paper includes mathematical proofs and code to reproduce the finite classification.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Reduced inequalities
semigroups and automata theory
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The Mirror Theorem: Central Incidence Saturation in Keith Recurrences — Federico Ignacio Zamponi · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS