A Physical Environment Evaluation System for Outdoor Sports Spaces in Urban Residential Areas of a Severe Cold-Region City: A Case Study of Harbin, China

Outdoor sports spaces in residential areas must provide safe and comfortable conditions for daily exercise, yet in severe cold regions their use is constrained by wind, solar exposure, thermal stress, noise, and air quality. Using six sites in Harbin, China, this study developed an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based evaluation system covering the wind, light, acoustic, thermal, and air environments. Candidate indicators were screened using a user questionnaire, expert AHP judgments were used to derive weights, and site performance was quantified through field monitoring, site surveys, and ENVI-met simulation. The indicator weights, in descending order, were wet-bulb globe temperature (14.96%), pedestrian-level wind speed (13.67%), building layout conducive to air circulation (13.55%), pedestrian-level wind vortices and still-air zones (12.79%), sunlight exposure and lighting effectiveness (12.67%), shading rate of hard ground surfaces and structures (12.15%), reflectivity of pavement and covering materials (11.37%), and outdoor noise level (8.83%). Overall scores differed across the six sites. An AHP-weighted performance-shortfall analysis, calculated relative to the ideal Grade 5, identified outdoor noise, shading, building-layout-related air circulation, and sunlight/lighting performance as the four largest cross-site improvement needs. The resulting framework supports the diagnosis and renewal of outdoor sports spaces in cold-region residential areas. The empirical results represent the monitored summer and autumn transitional scenarios rather than year-round performance.