Centrifuge modelling of embankments on soft clay: measurements and observations

This paper presents a series of geotechnical centrifuge experiments on embankments founded on soft clay, focusing on load transfer, pore pressure response, and deformation mechanisms. Eight heavily instrumented tests were conducted with systematic variation in clay stiffness, embankment geometry, and loading conditions. The models were constructed on consolidated kaolinite clay beds and loaded under displacement control beyond peak resistance, with both constant and variable loading rates. Loading was applied with a vertical and rotational degree of freedom to allow redistribution during deformation. Global response was measured in terms of load–displacement behaviour, plate rotation, pore water pressures, total pressures, and displacements in the ditch and free-field, while in-flight T-bar tests characterised clay strength. Full-field displacements and strains were obtained using particle image velocimetry, applied separately to the embankment and clay foundation. Post-test three-dimensional surface scans documented final geometry and failure configuration. The observed deformation evolves from a vertical punching response at peak resistance to a progressive asymmetric wedge mechanism in the clay foundation during post-peak loading. The combined measurements provide a consistent experimental dataset describing load transfer, deformation patterns, and failure development, intended as a reference basis for future interpretation and modelling.