Evaluation of the Potential Hypoglycemic and Neuroprotective Effects of Rosehip Fruit

Rosehip fruit (Rosa spp.) has sparked growing scientific interest due to its high content of bioactive compounds, which give it significant therapeutic potential. In a context where nutritional issues like obesity and type 2 diabetes continue to increase worldwide, the search for preventive and complementary dietary strategies has become a priority. This study aimed to evaluate the potential hypoglycemic and neuroprotective properties of rosehip fruit (Rosa canina, Rosa moschata, Rosa rubiginosa) through the characterization of its phenolic compounds, evaluation of its antioxidant activity, and analysis of its ability to inhibit alpha-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymatic activities. Four phenolic compounds, mainly quercetin derivatives with high antioxidant activity, were identified. Enzymatic activity revealed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase, with values ranging from 237.9 ± 23.0 μg mL−1 to 288.4 ± 22.90 μg mL−1, reinforcing the antidiabetic potential of the fruit. However, no inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase enzymes was detected, indicating limited effectiveness in terms of neuronal protection based on the evaluated criteria. These results suggest that rosehip fruit has significant therapeutic potential in managing diabetes, but limitations in its neuroprotective effect.